By Virginia Winder

The first ever Maori gun fighter pa excavated in New Zealand has revealed a telling clue about its past.

As archaeologists sieved through soil of a major site at Bell Block in Taranaki, they found a shard of drawing slate. On it was a side-view sketch of a cloak-clad Maori warrior looking down the barrel of a musket. A slate pencil was also uncovered on site.

Drawing to a conclusion: this slate drawing depicts a Maori warrior firing a musket.  Note: The bottom half of the image has been enhanced artificially to show the details more clearly.

Image: Simon Holdaway, Auckland University.

Auckland University archaeology lecturer Simon Holdaway says the slate helped piece together details of the function of the site, called Te Horopuriri.

"To make sure that we knew what we were digging, they left us a picture," he says.

Archaeology North's Michael Taylor has studied the illustration closely and believes Maori probably sketched it. "It was drawn in a 'naīve' style. One eye is bigger than the other."

He discounts the chances of it being drawn by a British soldier or Pakeha immigrant: "Europeans have a long history of drawing things in a realistic fashion."

No sign of fighting

Simon Holdaway says that getting the chance to investigate a Maori gunfighter pa is a rare event. "We don't generally get to excavate because they are tapu; because people died over them. This was unlikely to have been fought over."

Normally, a gun fighter pa would be scattered with thousands of bullets, quickly forcing archaeologists to stop digging and consult tangata whenua (the people of the land), in this case the Puketapu Hapu (a sub-tribe of Te Atiawa).

A lack of bullets initially put investigators off the scent of gunpowder. When they began the dig, archaeologists thought they were just excavating a large house.

The three-pronged team, made up of students and lecturers from Auckland University's anthropology department, plus contractors Archaeology North and Geometria, began working on the site in 2002.

Rectangular shape a giveaway

That's when Michael Taylor originally found remains of a Maori settlement. First, he spied evidence of a ring-ditch pa about 50 metres south of an urupa (Maori burial ground), near the old highway.

The hillock pa was an easy find. "It's a fairly obvious archaeological site from the shape of it and because there's archaeological material eroding off it," he says. Bits of bottles, glass and china can be clearly seen in the rich Taranaki ash soil.

Next, the Wanganui archaeologist stood on an expanse of grassy paddock between the pa and urupa. The ground seemed lumpy and careful observations revealed the outline of a massive shape.

"We saw this large rectangular depression that was very well defined and conformed with what we would expect for a Maori house, except it was so large that we were reluctant to call it a house at that stage," Michael says.

Puketapu Hapu elder Grant Knuckey was then called on to revisit the site.

"We were looking at a paddock with grass and basically it was flat," says Grant.

The archaeologist pointed out subtle differences in the shape of the field. "What he was saying was quite true - the lines were different and it looked like a big oblong in the grass."

After a closer inspection, Michael asked if a preliminary dig could begin, with just two or three people on site. That was agreed to.

House upon house upon house

Excavations have shown the remains of not just one wharenui, but possibly three. It is believed the top layer was built in the 1860s, while the two beneath have yet to be dated.

The archaeological team found rows of postholes for several wharenui (meeting houses).

In 2004, a much larger group of archaeologists returned to Te Horopuriri to complete their investigations. Further digging uncovered what looked like storage pits for the house. As they dug deeper and wider, they found an intricate network of trenches.

Eventually, they realised they had stumbled upon a gunfighter pa.

Simon Holdaway points to a long pit: "I'm almost certain that's a bunker. Maori invented trench warfare."

A change of pa

He explains how early Maori fortifications were palisade pa or stockades. These were effective until Europeans brought muskets to New Zealand.

Simon says the early musket attacks on the palisade pa were extremely one-sided because warriors inside the fortress were sitting ducks. Quickly, the pa sites were rebuilt to include rifle pits, artillery bunkers, flax screens and inner stockades.

At Te Horopuriri, the uncovered fortifications began to look like a work of art.  "This is all lovely curves," Simon says.

As well as the picture of the Maori warrior, the diggers have also uncovered a rua, which is a large bowl-shaped underground storage structure.

Sitting on top of shellfish remains were 20 empty gunpowder flasks and loose flask caps. Above them, the diggers found four or five dog skeletons and about three dogs found in pieces.

Signs of British

Michael Taylor says it is likely British soldiers destroyed the pa site, killed the dogs, threw their remains in the rua and filled in the trenches and rua with soil.

The corroded flasks, which are about the size of a 750ml water bottle and pear-shaped, are now undergoing stabilisation treatment. Just hours after being exposed to the air, the effects on the metal were obvious. Instead of being bright orange, the containers had oxidised to rust-brown.

Suffering from shock

Puke Ariki Collections Manager Kelvin Day says that after being in a constant environment for so long, artefacts such as these are subject to shock.

"We see that in wood articles coming out of swamps and, particularly with metals," he says. "They (the flasks) have been in a damp, cool, but constant environment for more than 100 years, so now they have to be treated to stabilise them so they can survive in a different environment."

The flasks had to be moved with extreme care.  "Any little jolt and bits will break off. They are very fragile," he says.

Signs of other ammunition have been found at Te Horopuriri.

Michael Taylor says lead musket balls were made on the site and the team has found spills of molten lead that have formed small hollows in the ground. "None of it's been fired," he says.

Since digging began in 2002, both tangata whenua and the archaeologists have known little about the site.

Sacred site reveals itself

"Our people must have lost contact with it somehow," Grant Knuckey says.

Slowly, the site's past is coming to light.

"People have come forward with little maps and said 'we knew the tunnels were there all the time'. These were our people, who lived 100 metres away and they didn't say anything, which was a pity. They feel that confidence (to speak) now."

Grant says that if Puketapu people had told someone that there was a wahi tapu (sacred site) there, Transit New Zealand would have taken a different route. "They would not have got a licence to go through the area."

Sacred sites are protected through the New Plymouth District Council's district plan. "Any development within 50 metres of a known site is banned," Grant says. "You can't build houses and you can do nothing that may in effect damage the site."

However, the site was only found when the bypass excavations began.

"Things that don't want to be found are best not found. Not all things are good," he says.

"This site was not a battle site - there are no signs of slaughter on it."

Grant says it was found for some reason. "It's a site that revealed itself at this time and has wanted to tell us about itself. It's real history, not out of a book - 'this is the shape I am; I'm not imaginary'."

Lambert sets record straight

Michael Taylor says an 1848 map indicates it was a large pa. "It is shown as a double square. It probably means it was a bigger pa than most of the pa in the district."

"It was one of the villages fortified during the Puketapu Feud," he says, producing a copied page from the book, Samuel Ironside In New Zealand.

The extract outlines what the Reverend John Whiteley saw around New Plymouth in 1856. "This Circuit, having been in a state of war for the last two or three years, is now composed of a number of pas (sic) and stockades, each little settlement being converted into a military fortress for the security of the inhabitants thereof.

"These pas (sic) are generally situated along the main road - called Devon Line - and number nineteen from Te Kawau in New Plymouth, to Turangi, five miles north, or Waitara."

Number Six on the list is Te Horopuriri.

Grant Knuckey says that in the mid-1800s, the Irish regiment of the British army was sent to destroy all the pa. "And that's what they did. So our people had no place to live. That's why they ended up at Parihaka."

Kainga (villages) like Te Horopuriri were stopping-off places for north Taranaki iwi and hapu heading to Parihaka for celebrations on the 17th and 18th of each month. "They would've come through this way because they knew there was hospitality and shelter."

Truth about Puketapu Feud

But relations between Maori weren't always friendly.

Historians say that in 1854, the land north of New Plymouth was the subject of a bloody feud between factions of the Puketapu Hapu (sub-tribe).

Rawiri Waiaua and his supporters had already helped sell hapu land to European immigrants, a move that infuriated Katatore Waitere, Parata Te Huia, and their followers.

About 1848, negotiations began over the sale of land known as the Bell Block.

A few years later, Waiaua was later pressed to sell more land in the same district because settlers continued to arrive in Aotearoa seeking land.

While inter-Maori relationships had been tested over the Bell Block, the proposal to sell further hapu land sparked full-scale warfare.

This is detailed in Benjamin Wells', The History of Taranaki, published in 1878.

"Early in the morning of the 3rd of August, 1854, Rawiri and a party of his followers went out with billhooks to cut a line for the purpose of marking the boundaries of a piece of land they intended to sell to the Europeans," writes Wells.

"While they were engaged in the work, they were met by an armed party under the command of Waitere Katatore, who fired upon them, killing four persons, mortally wounding Rawiri and another, severely wounding four, and slightly wounding six."

Out of Rawiri's 26-strong party, 16 were hit."

Conflict rumbles along

The Puketapu Feud lasted about four years. "Sometimes a skirmish took place among the hedges of the settler's farms, and occasionally bullets pierced their houses, but no Pakeha was injured," says Wells, who was the editor of the Taranaki News from 1874 until his death in 1881.

"At length, a truce was made in 1856, after 60 Maoris (sic) had been killed and 100 wounded."

Ron Lambert says the feud actually rumbled on until about 1858.

This is backed up in Wells' book, which reports that in early January 1858, Katatore was ambushed and killed by a party of five Maori on horseback.

While the conflict pitted Maori against Maori, it also had other effects.

Call for Imperial protection

"It was the Puketapu Feud that initiated the settler demand for Imperial Regiments to be stationed here," says Ron. "They set up at Marsland Hill."

Further stockades were erected around Taranaki throughout the 1860s' land wars. One of those was the Bell Block Stockade, immediately across Devon Road (SH3) from Te Horopuriri.

Standing on the site in 2004, Michael Taylor says no other pa from the 1850s has been excavated in the region. "It's of national significance and is an important time in Taranaki's history. It fills a gap, because in the 1850s there was no large-scale conflict with Europeans, so what went on wasn't very well documented. It was Maori against Maori."

Michael says that in 1860, when the New Zealand Land Wars began Te Horopuriri was likely to have been taken by the British. Perhaps two years later, Maori went back to the site and built the big wharenui on top of the site

Where there's smoke there's fire

Clues to the age and fate of the 72-foot-long (22-metre-long) house can be found in the earth.

"Investigations showed that it was a very large house with European elements - windows, nails instead of binding," Michael says.

However, the house still retained some strongly Maori traditions, including fireplaces down the centre of the house, a smooth, flat dirt floor, and there were also indications that decorative carvings had been in place.

The date of the house can be found in its hearths.

Archaeologists have found a number of broken clay tobacco pipes in the fireplaces of the house. These disposable pipes were made no earlier than 1861 and no later than 1862. This can be deduced because the clay pipe manufacturer (Davidson of Glasgow) began making his wares in 1861.

Troops get smashed

Michael believes the house may have been taken over and destroyed by British soldiers.

He says several buttons off military uniforms, steel heel plates from soldiers' boots and ammunition from British Enfield rifles have been unearthed. These have been found in the top level of the site, indicating they were the last people to have occupied the site.

"There are all sorts of values that Maori have that apply to houses - tradition and symbolism that carries on through to modern day. Maori don't eat in a meeting house."

Therefore, they were also unlikely to be drinking and smashing bottles against a sacred building.

"It was also illegal to sell alcohol to Maori in those days," Michael says. It was, therefore, highly unlikely Maori would be drinking liquor in full sight of Devon Road. "You can imagine (British) troops doing that."

Also, it is known that soldiers opened their bottles by whacking the top off with a large knife or bayonet. There was plenty of evidence that this had occurred at Te Horopuriri.

Big houses built for events

Maori houses are the speciality of Rod Wallace, the technical officer of Auckland University's Anthropology Department.

He says that from the early- to mid-1800s, Maori meeting houses overtook war canoes as the main focus of an iwi (tribe). "All their efforts began being focused on the Maori meeting house - as it is today. Houses were built for events."

In 1853, construction of two houses began. One, called Taiporohenui was built at Manawapou, and the other, called Kumeamai te Whaka, was located at Ketemarae. In May 1854, a meeting of many different iwi was held at Taiporohenui to form a united front against the selling of land to the Europeans. The house was 120 feet (36 metres) long and 35 feet (10.5 metres) wide and was the largest in the country.

Another was Te Ika-roa-a-Maui on the coast at Pungarehu, where Colonel Warre and his troops spent a night on 12 June 1865.  This house was said to have been more than 100 feet (30.5 metres) in length. 

A later house was Rua-toki te hau at Puniho marae, which was built in the mid-1870s. Its faēade can be seen in Te Whariki o Taranaki, the Taonga Maori Gallery within Puke Ariki.

New technology brings site to life

Hans-Dieter Bader, of Geometria, says modern electronic survey equipment has been used to collect information on the site. The technology includes a laser scanner, which shoots out 600 laser beams per second.

Hans has already been part of the Cornwall Park centennial project, which involved piecing together a computerised journey through a fortified pa called Maungakiekie that was excavated on the side of One Tree Hill. "There is a large amount of archaeological information in the flyover," he says, of the animated moving picture on his laptop screen.

"It's so easy for people to see. That's what we want to end up with here," he says of the Bell Block site.

Grant Knuckey says the technology takes people back to the site's past. "You don't have to put a whole lot of words together to get a picture."

The computer technology allows people to see what the house was like. "They have brought it to life."